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VRFs allow multiple instances of a routing table to coexist on the same router at the same time. This is used to keep traffic separated, such as for different customers on a shared infrastructure.

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Function: NGFWs inspect packets, apply security policies, and can block malicious activities, while IPS devices detect and prevent intrusions in real-time.

Topology: NGFWs and IPS devices are typically placed at network perimeters or critical points to safeguard against external threats, as shown below:

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(PVST+) is a Cisco proprietary protocol that runs a separate instance of STP ( Spanning Tree Protocol) for each VLAN. This allows for VLAN-specific optimizations and load balancing.

Enabling PVST+:
# conf t
# spanning-tree mode pvst

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Use Cases for Multichassis EtherChannel:

• Redundancy: Links can terminate on different physical switches, providing redundancy in case one switch fails.
• Increased Bandwidth: Aggregates bandwidth across multiple switches.
• Simplified Management: Treated as a single logical link, simplifying network management and configuration.
• High Availability: Critical for environments requiring high availability and uptime.

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LACP is a dynamic protocol defined by IEEE 802.3ad that automatically negotiates the formation of an EtherChannel.

EtherChannel is a port link aggregation technology used to combine multiple physical links into a single logical link to increase bandwidth and provide redundancy.

EtherChannel can use various methods for load balancing traffic across the member links. The load balancing method can be based on source and destination IP addresses, MAC addresses, or port numbers.

Common Load Balancing Methods in EtherChannel Include:
src-mac: Source MAC address.
dst-mac: Destination MAC address.
src-dst-mac: Source and destination MAC addresses.
src-ip: Source IP address.
dst-ip: Destination IP address.
src-dst-ip: Source and destination IP addresses.
src-port: Source port number.
dst-port: Destination port number.
src-dst-port: Source and destination port numbers.

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LLDP is a vendor-neutral network discovery protocol used to share information about directly connected devices. Similar to CDP ( Cisco Discovery Protocol ) but supported by a wide range of network equipment vendors.

Enabling LLDP:
# conf t
# ldp run

Disabling LLDP:
# conf t
# no lldp run

Enabling LLDP on an Interface:
# conf t
# interface <interface-id>
# lldp transmit
# lldp receive

Disabling LLDP on an Interface:
# conf t
# interface <interface-id>
# no lldp transmit
# no lldp receive

Viewing LLDP Information:
# show lldp neighbors

Detailed LLDP Information:
# show lldp neighbors detail

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Examples:

Viewing the Current MTU Settings:

# show system mtu

Changing the MTU Size (This command sets the MTU size to 1500 bytes. Note that changes to the MTU size typically require a reboot of the switch to take effect.):

# system mtu <size>

# system mtu 1500

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