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The evolution of telecom technology architecture from 2G to 5G is a fascinating journey through advancements in communication technologies that have significantly transformed the way we connect and communicate. Here's a detailed look at this evolution:
2G (Second Generation)
• Introduced: Early 1990s
• Technology: GSM (Global System for Mobile Communications)
Key Features:
- Digital voice services
- SMS (Short Message Service)
- Data services (GPRS - General Packet Radio Services)
- Modulation: Gaussian Minimum Shift Keying (GMSK)
- Access Technique: Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA)
- Architecture: Circuit-switched network for voice
3G (Third Generation)
• Introduced: Early 2000s
• Technology: UMTS (Universal Mobile Telecommunications System)
Key Features:
- Higher data rates for mobile internet
- Video calling and mobile TV
- Modulation: Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM)
- Access Technique: Wideband Code Division Multiple Access (WCDMA)
- Architecture: Introduction of packet-switched networks
4G (Fourth Generation)
• Introduced: Late 2000s
• Technology: LTE (Long-Term Evolution)
Key Features:
- High-definition mobile TV
- Video conferencing and gaming services
- Modulation: QAM and OFDM (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing)
- Access Technique: Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access (OFDMA)
- Architecture: All-IP network, supporting high-speed data and VoLTE (Voice over LTE)
5G (Fifth Generation)
• Introduced: 2019 onwards
• Technology: New Radio (NR)
Key Features:
- Ultra-high-speed data rates
- Low latency for real-time applications
- Massive IoT (Internet of Things) connectivity
- Enhanced Mobile Broadband (eMBB)
- Ultra-Reliable Low Latency Communications (URLLC)
- Massive Machine Type Communications (mMTC)
- Modulation: Advanced QAM
- Access Technique: Massive MIMO (Multiple Input Multiple Output) and Beamforming
- Architecture: Network slicing and cloud-native architectures
Each generation has built upon the strengths of its predecessor, addressing limitations and meeting the evolving needs of users and applications. The transition from circuit-switched to packet-switched networks optimized data transmission, and enhancements in spectrum efficiency allowed for better service delivery.