Basic Architecture Difference Between 4G and 5G:
The architectures of LTE (Long-Term Evolution) and 5G (Fifth Generation) networks differ significantly in several key aspects, reflecting the evolution and advancements in mobile communication technology. Here are the main differences between LTE architecture and 5G architecture:
LTE Architecture:
The LTE architecture is divided into two parts:
1.) Core Network (EPC – Evolved Packet Core):
LTE networks typically use the Evolved Packet Core (EPC), which consists of several functional elements like Serving Gateway (SGW), Packet Data Network Gateway (PGW), Mobility Management Entity (MME), and Home Subscriber Server (HSS). SGW and PGW handle packet forwarding and routing, while MME manages mobility and session management.
2.) Radio Access Network (RAN):
LTE RAN includes eNodeBs (Evolved Node B), which serve as base stations connecting user devices to the EPC via the backhaul network. eNodeBs manage radio resources and support multiple users through orthogonal frequency-division multiple access (OFDMA) and multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) technologies.
LTE networks offer high throughput (up to hundreds of Mbps) and relatively low latency (typically tens of milliseconds).
5G Architecture:
1.) Core Network (5GC – 5G Core):
5G introduces a new core network architecture known as the 5G Core (5GC) or Next Generation Core (NGC). The 5GC is based on a service-based architecture (SBA), which uses network functions as services (NFaaS) that can be dynamically deployed and orchestrated. Key components include the Access and Mobility Management Function (AMF), Session Management Function (SMF), User Plane Function (UPF), and Network Slice Management Function (NSMF).
2.) Radio Access Network (RAN):
5G RAN includes gNodeBs (Next Generation Node B), which support higher frequencies, massive MIMO, beamforming, and flexible spectrum usage (including mmWave bands). gNodeBs are designed to handle higher capacity, support more simultaneous connections, and offer lower latency compared to LTE.
5G promises significantly higher throughput (up to multiple Gbps) and ultra-low latency (less than 1 millisecond in ideal conditions), supporting new use cases such as real-time VR/AR, autonomous vehicles, and massive IoT.
Key Difference:
- Architecture Flexibility: 5G architecture is more flexible and modular with SBA, enabling network slicing for different services and industries.
- Latency Reduction: 5G aims for ultra-low latency, critical for applications like autonomous driving and real-time gaming.
- Massive IoT Support: 5G supports a massive number of IoT devices with improved efficiency and reduced power consumption.
- Enhanced Mobile Broadband: Both LTE and 5G focus on high-speed data services, but 5G offers higher throughput and capacity.