1) Central Processing Unit (CPU)
The CPU is the brain of the mobile phone, executing instructions and processing data. Modern smartphones use multi-core processors for better performance and efficiency.
2) Graphics Processing Unit (GPU)
The GPU handles graphics rendering, processing visual data, and outputting it to the display. Some smartphones have a dedicated GPU, while others have a GPU integrated into the CPU (SoC).
3) Memory
Memory consists of two main types in mobile phones:
-Random Access Memory (RAM)
Temporarily stores data for running applications and processes, allowing for quick access and better multitasking.
-Read Only Memory (ROM) Non-volatile storage for the operating system, pre-installed applications, and user data, also known as internal storage or flash storage.
4) Display
The display shows visual output, such as text, images, and videos. Display technologies include LCD, OLED, and AMOLED, and displays come in various sizes, resolutions, and aspect ratios.
5) Battery
The battery provides power to the mobile phone, typically a rechargeable lithium-ion or lithium-polymer battery. Battery capacity is measured in milliampere-hours (mAh), with higher capacity batteries offering longer usage times.
6) Camera
Smartphones feature multiple cameras, including rear-facing primary cameras and front-facing selfie cameras. Camera specifications include megapixel count, aperture size, sensor type, and additional features like optical image stabilization (OIS) and autofocus.
7) Connectivity Components
These components enable wireless connections and communication protocols, including:
-Cellular enables voice calls and mobile data connectivity (4G, LTE, 5G).
-WiFi allows connection to wireless networks for internet access.
-Bluetooth facilitates short-range wireless communication with other devices.
-GPS enables location-based services and navigation using global positioning satellites.
-NFC allows short-range wireless data transfer for contactless payments, pairing devices, or sharing data.
8) Sensors
Mobile phones include various sensors that enhance functionality and user experience, such as:
-Accelerometer measures acceleration and orientation for screen rotation and
motion-based controls
-Gyroscope detects device rotation and orientation for applications like augmented reality and gaming.
-Proximity Sensor detects the presence of objects close to the device, e.g., turning off the display during a phone call when held to the ear.
-Ambient Light Sensor measures ambient light levels to automatically adjust display brightness.
-Finger print Sensor provides biometric authentication for security purposes.
-Barometer measures atmospheric pressure for altitude and weather-related applications.